Maha Shivaratri 2026 Varanasi February 15: Kashi Vishwanath Festival Guide

Last Updated: September 30, 2025

Quick Answer: Maha Shivaratri 2026 (February 15) in Varanasi will be the world's most intense Shiva celebration. As the city of Lord Shiva, Varanasi transforms into a spiritual epicenter with 1 million+ devotees, spectacular Shiv Baraat processions, and overwhelming crowds at Kashi Vishwanath Temple.

🕉️ Why Maha Shivaratri in Varanasi is Unparalleled

The World's Holiest Shiva City

Varanasi isn't just a city of Shiva - it's THE city of Shiva. Known as Kashi (City of Light), it's believed that Lord Shiva himself resides here permanently, making Maha Shivaratri the most significant spiritual event of the year.

🏛️ VARANASI'S SHIVA SIGNIFICANCE:

SPIRITUAL IMPORTANCE:
🕉️ Kashi Vishwanath = Shiva's eternal abode
⚡ One of 12 sacred Jyotirlingas
🌊 Ganges blessed by Shiva's presence
🏔️ Mythical recreation of Mount Kailash
📿 Liberation (moksha) guaranteed for devotees

FESTIVAL MAGNITUDE:
👥 1.5 million devotees expected
🎪 City-wide 24-hour celebrations
🚶‍♂️ Massive processions through ancient streets
🎭 Unique cultural traditions found nowhere else
📸 Most photogenic spiritual festival in India

What Makes 2026 Special

  • Perfect Weekend Timing: February 15, 2026 falls on Saturday
  • Ideal Weather: Pleasant winter temperatures (15-25°C)
  • Post-COVID Surge: Massive pent-up spiritual tourism demand
  • Digital Documentation: Modern tools to capture ancient traditions
  • International Interest: Growing global fascination with authentic spirituality

📅 Maha Shivaratri 2026: Complete Festival Timeline

Pre-Festival Spiritual Preparation (February 10-14)

🗓️ BUILDING SPIRITUAL INTENSITY:

February 10-12: Early Preparation
- Temple cleaning and decoration begins
- Special puja materials arrive in markets
- Devotees begin arriving from across India
- Hotels and accommodations fill rapidly

February 13-14: Immediate Preparation
- Massive influx of pilgrims
- Final procession route preparations
- Special train services commence
- City transforms into spiritual epicenter

Maha Shivaratri Day: Hour-by-Hour (February 15, 2026)

🕉️ THE GREAT NIGHT OF SHIVA:

PRE-DAWN (3:00-6:00 AM):
3:00 AM - Night-long vigil begins (jagran)
4:00 AM - First major wave of temple-goers
5:00 AM - Special morning abhishek ceremonies
6:00 AM - Sunrise prayers and offerings

MORNING SPIRITUAL PEAK (6:00-10:00 AM):
6:00-8:00 AM - Peak darshan queues begin
8:00-10:00 AM - Special pujas and ceremonies
Throughout - Continuous chanting and hymns

MIDDAY TEMPLE INTENSITY (10:00 AM-4:00 PM):
10:00 AM-2:00 PM - MAXIMUM CROWD PERIOD
2:00-4:00 PM - Sustained high temple activity
Continuous - Offerings, prayers, and rituals

EVENING PROCESSION SPECTACULAR (4:00-11:00 PM):
4:00-6:00 PM - Shiv Baraat procession preparation
6:00-9:00 PM - MAIN SHIV BARAAT PROCESSIONS
9:00-11:00 PM - Processions converge at temples

SACRED MIDNIGHT CLIMAX (11:00 PM-3:00 AM):
11:00 PM-12:00 AM - Final darshan opportunities
12:00-3:00 AM - Night-long vigil and prayers
Peak Spiritual Time - Believed most auspicious for Shiva worship

🏛️ Kashi Vishwanath Temple: Navigating the Spiritual Epicenter

Understanding the Temple Complex

The Kashi Vishwanath Temple houses one of the 12 sacred Jyotirlingas and will be the primary focus for 1+ million devotees on Maha Shivaratri.

🏛️ TEMPLE COMPLEX OVERVIEW:

MAIN AREAS:
🕉️ Sanctum Sanctorum: Contains the sacred Jyotirlinga
🏛️ Vishwanath Corridor: New infrastructure (2021)
👥 Darshan Halls: Multiple levels for crowd management
🛒 Shopping Complex: Religious items and offerings
🍽️ Food Courts: Prasad and vegetarian meals

CAPACITY & CROWDS:
👥 Normal Day Capacity: 15,000-20,000 devotees
🎯 Shivaratri Capacity: 100,000+ (with crowd control)
⏰ Average Wait Time: 4-8 hours on Shivaratri
🚫 Frequent Closures: Due to overcrowding
📱 Digital Queue System: Often suspended during festivals

Temple Darshan Strategy

⭐ OPTIMAL DARSHAN PLANNING:

TIMING STRATEGY:
🌅 Best Option: Visit day BEFORE Shivaratri (Feb 14)
🌙 Alternative: Very early morning (3-5 AM on Feb 15)
❌ Avoid: 10 AM - 4 PM (impossible crowds)
🌆 Evening Option: Post-8 PM if crowds thin

QUEUE MANAGEMENT:
📱 VIP Darshan: ₹300 (often suspended during festivals)
👥 General Queue: Free but 4-8 hour wait
🎫 Special Passes: Sometimes available through hotels
👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family Lines: Separate queues for families with children

PREPARATION ESSENTIALS:
💧 Water bottles (long wait times)
🍪 Light snacks (energy for waiting)
📱 Fully charged phone + power bank
👕 Comfortable clothing and footwear
🙏 Offering materials (flowers, coconut, incense)

Alternative Shiva Temples (Less Crowded)

🏛️ AUTHENTIC ALTERNATIVES:

1. Kal Bhairav Temple
- Significance: Guardian deity of Kashi
- Crowd Level: 60% less than Kashi Vishwanath
- Special Feature: Alcohol offerings tradition
- Best Time: Morning hours

2. Tilbhandeshwar Temple
- Significance: Where Shiva's earring fell
- Crowd Level: 70% less crowded
- Special Feature: Underground temple atmosphere
- Best Time: Throughout the day

3. Madhyameshwar Temple
- Significance: Center of Varanasi (geographical)
- Crowd Level: 80% less crowded
- Special Feature: Peaceful spiritual atmosphere
- Best Time: Evening hours

4. Omkarnath Temple
- Significance: Sacred sound (Om) connection
- Crowd Level: 90% less crowded
- Special Feature: Meditation-friendly environment
- Best Time: Early morning or evening

🎭 Shiv Baraat: The Divine Wedding Procession

Understanding the Spectacle

The Shiv Baraat is a unique carnival-like procession representing Lord Shiva's wedding party, featuring elaborate costumes, music, and theatrical performances.

🎪 SHIV BARAAT PHENOMENON:

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE:
💒 Represents: Shiva's marriage to Parvati
🎭 Participants: Dressed as gods, ghosts, and celestial beings
🎵 Atmosphere: Loud music, dancing, celebration
🔥 Performances: Fire-eaters, acrobats, traditional arts
👻 Unique Elements: Aghori sadhus, ghost costumes

PROCESSION DETAILS:
📍 Multiple Routes: Several processions through city
⏰ Peak Time: 6:00-9:00 PM
👥 Participants: 10,000+ in various processions
🎶 Music: Traditional drums, modern sound systems
📸 Photography: Spectacular but challenging in crowds

Main Procession Routes

🗺️ PRIMARY SHIV BARAAT ROUTES:

Route 1: Traditional Central Route
🚩 Start: Mahamrityunjay Temple area
🛣️ Path: Through Godowlia, Vishwanath Gali
🏛️ Destination: Kashi Vishwanath Temple
⏰ Timing: 6:00-8:00 PM
👥 Crowd Level: EXTREMELY HIGH

Route 2: Asi Ghat to Dashashwamedh
🚩 Start: Asi Ghat area
🛣️ Path: Along ghats and parallel streets
🏛️ Destination: Dashashwamedh Ghat
⏰ Timing: 6:30-8:30 PM  
👥 Crowd Level: HIGH

Route 3: Cantonment Area Route
🚩 Start: Various starting points
🛣️ Path: Through newer city areas
🏛️ Destination: Central temple complex
⏰ Timing: 7:00-9:00 PM
👥 Crowd Level: MEDIUM-HIGH

Multiple Neighborhood Routes:
🚩 Start: Local community centers
🛣️ Path: Through residential areas
🏛️ Destination: Local Shiva temples
⏰ Timing: Throughout evening
👥 Crowd Level: MEDIUM (more accessible)

Viewing Strategy for Tourists

📍 OPTIMAL VIEWING POSITIONS:

Best Photography Spots:
1. Godowlia Intersection (main hub)
2. Dashashwamedh Ghat (procession endpoint)
3. Hotel rooftops with street views
4. Vishwanath Temple approach areas

Safety-First Viewing:
✅ Elevated positions (hotel balconies/rooftops)
✅ Early positioning (arrive 2 hours before)
✅ Group viewing (never go alone)
✅ Planned exit routes (know multiple paths out)
✅ Emergency contacts readily available

Photography Guidelines:
📸 Ask permission for close-up shots
📸 Respect religious moments and participants
📸 Use telephoto lens for distant shots
📸 Be prepared for low-light conditions
📸 Backup equipment (crowded conditions)

👥 Crowd Management: Surviving 1 Million Devotees

Understanding the Crowd Reality

📊 CROWD STATISTICS:

EXPECTED NUMBERS:
👥 Total Devotees: 1.5+ million over 2-day period
🏛️ Temple Area: 200,000+ in central areas
🚶‍♂️ Procession Crowds: 100,000+ along routes
🚌 Transportation: Severely overwhelmed
🏨 Accommodation: 100% occupancy

PEAK DANGER PERIODS:
🕐 10 AM - 4 PM: Temple area maximum density
🕕 6 PM - 9 PM: Procession route chaos
🕘 11 PM - 1 AM: Midnight prayer convergence
🌅 3 AM - 6 AM: Dawn prayer rush

Crowd Survival Strategies

🛡️ ESSENTIAL SURVIVAL TACTICS:

TIMING STRATEGIES:
✅ Visit main attractions day BEFORE festival
✅ Early morning temple visits (3-6 AM)
✅ Avoid peak crowd periods entirely
✅ Plan flexible schedule (expect delays)
✅ Buffer time for all activities

PHYSICAL SAFETY:
✅ Stay hydrated (carry water always)
✅ Wear comfortable, secure footwear
✅ Keep arms free near chest (breathing space)
✅ Move with crowd flow, never against
✅ Identify exit routes before entering crowds

GROUP COORDINATION:
✅ Establish meeting points and times
✅ Share live locations via phone
✅ Create group communication plan
✅ Designate leader for decision-making
✅ Plan separation protocol

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS:
✅ Carry emergency contact information
✅ Keep minimal valuables only
✅ Have backup transportation plans
✅ Know hospital locations
✅ Download offline maps

🍽️ Spiritual Food Culture & Fasting Traditions

Traditional Shivaratri Fasting

🙏 SPIRITUAL FASTING PRACTICES:

ORTHODOX FASTING:
⏰ Duration: 24 hours (sunrise to sunrise)
🚫 Restrictions: No food, minimal water
🕉️ Purpose: Spiritual purification
👥 Practice: Maintained by serious devotees
⚠️ Health: Consult doctor if health concerns

MODIFIED FASTING (Tourist-Friendly):
🥛 Permitted: Milk, fruits, nuts
🚫 Avoided: Grains, vegetables, meat
⏰ Duration: Day-time only
🎯 Purpose: Spiritual participation without health risk
✅ Recommended: For first-time participants

COMPLETE NON-FASTING:
🍽️ Normal Eating: No restrictions for tourists
🥗 Sattvic Foods: Vegetarian, pure foods preferred
🏛️ Temple Prasad: Sacred food offered at temples
🍛 Local Cuisine: Traditional vegetarian meals

Special Shivaratri Foods

🍽️ TRADITIONAL FESTIVAL FOODS:

SACRED OFFERINGS:
🥛 Milk: Primary offering to Shiva lingam
🍯 Honey: Sweet offering for blessings
🥥 Coconut Water: Pure, natural offering
🌿 Bel Leaves: Sacred to Lord Shiva
🍃 Cannabis Leaves: Traditional (where legal)

DEVOTEE FOODS:
🥜 Dry Fruits: Energy for fasting devotees
🍌 Bananas: Quick energy, easy digestion
🥛 Lassi: Yogurt drink for hydration
🍪 Sabudana: Fasting-appropriate snacks
🍮 Kheer: Sweet rice pudding (post-fast)

TEMPLE PRASAD:
🧈 Panchamrit: Sacred mixture of milk, honey, ghee
🍯 Sweet Offerings: Blessed sweets from temples
🌿 Sacred Water: Charged water from rituals
🍃 Blessed Food: Community meals at temples

🎨 Cultural Experiences & Photography

Unique Cultural Elements

🎭 EXCLUSIVE SHIVARATRI TRADITIONS:

AGHORI SADHUS:
👻 Appearance: Ash-covered, minimal clothing
🏠 Habitat: Cremation grounds, isolated places
🎯 Purpose: Extreme spiritual practices
📸 Photography: Respectful distance only
⚠️ Interaction: Best avoided by tourists

TRADITIONAL MUSIC:
🎵 Bhajans: Devotional songs throughout night
🥁 Dhol-Tasha: Traditional percussion
🎺 Shehnai: Auspicious wind instrument
🎤 Kirtan: Community singing sessions
📻 Modern: Contemporary devotional music

ARTISTIC PERFORMANCES:
🎭 Classical Dance: Depicting Shiva stories
🎨 Rangoli: Colorful floor art with Shiva themes
🎪 Street Theater: Mythological performances
🖼️ Traditional Art: Shiva paintings and sculptures

Photography Opportunities

📸 MUST-CAPTURE MOMENTS:

SPIRITUAL PHOTOGRAPHY:
🏛️ Temple Architecture: Ancient and modern contrast
🕯️ Oil Lamps: Thousands lighting the city
👥 Devotee Expressions: Genuine spiritual emotion
🌊 Ganges Ceremonies: Sacred river rituals
🌅 Dawn Prayers: Ethereal morning light

CULTURAL DOCUMENTATION:
🎭 Shiv Baraat Costumes: Elaborate traditional dress
🎪 Procession Energy: Movement and celebration
👻 Unique Characters: Sadhus, performers, devotees
🎵 Musical Moments: Traditional and modern fusion
🍽️ Food Culture: Sacred offerings and community meals

TECHNICAL TIPS:
📷 Low Light: High ISO capabilities essential
🔍 Telephoto: For distant crowd shots
📐 Wide Angle: For architectural and crowd context
🎥 Video: Capture movement and sound
💾 Storage: Multiple memory cards essential

🏨 Accommodation & Logistics

Strategic Accommodation Planning

🏨 ACCOMMODATION CATEGORIES:

HERITAGE LUXURY:
🏛️ BrijRama Palace: River view, heritage charm
🏨 Suryauday Haveli: Boutique heritage property
💰 Price Range: ₹8,000-25,000 per night
✅ Benefits: Cultural immersion, premium service
📅 Booking: 3+ months advance essential

MID-RANGE COMFORT:
🏨 Hotel Hindustan International: Business hotel
🏨 Hotel Temple on Ganges: River proximity
💰 Price Range: ₹3,000-8,000 per night
✅ Benefits: Good facilities, central location
📅 Booking: 2 months advance recommended

BUDGET OPTIONS:
🏠 Zostel Varanasi: Backpacker hostel
🏠 Shanti Guest House: Traditional guesthouse
💰 Price Range: ₹800-2,500 per night
✅ Benefits: Budget-friendly, social atmosphere
📅 Booking: 1 month advance sufficient

ALTERNATIVE LOCATIONS:
🏨 Sarnath Hotels: 12 km away, peaceful
🏨 Airport Area: Modern hotels, 45 minutes to city
💰 Price Range: ₹2,000-10,000 per night
✅ Benefits: Less crowded, better availability

Transportation Challenges

🚗 TRANSPORTATION REALITY:

DURING SHIVARATRI:
❌ Private Vehicles: Severely restricted in city center
❌ Auto-Rickshaws: Limited availability, high prices
❌ Public Buses: Overcrowded, unreliable
✅ Walking: Often fastest option in central areas
✅ Pre-Booked Services: Hotel shuttles, tour operators

RECOMMENDED STRATEGY:
🏨 Stay Walking Distance: Book accommodation within 2 km
🚶‍♂️ Plan Walking Routes: Know multiple paths
🛺 Pre-Book Transport: Arrange with hotels/tour operators
📱 Download Offline Maps: Cell towers may be overwhelmed
🚲 Consider Cycles: For short distances if available

🛡️ Safety & Cultural Guidelines

Personal Safety Protocols

⚠️ ESSENTIAL SAFETY MEASURES:

CROWD SAFETY:
✅ Never travel alone, especially at night
✅ Keep emergency contacts readily accessible
✅ Carry minimal cash and no valuables
✅ Wear bright colors for easy identification
✅ Plan multiple exit routes from any location

HEALTH & HYGIENE:
✅ Carry hand sanitizer and tissues
✅ Drink only bottled water
✅ Avoid street food during peak crowds
✅ Take necessary medications before going out
✅ Wear masks in dense crowd situations

SPIRITUAL SITE ETIQUETTE:
✅ Remove shoes when required
✅ Cover shoulders and legs appropriately
✅ Don't touch sacred objects without permission
✅ Maintain silence during prayers
✅ Follow photography restrictions strictly

Cultural Sensitivity Guidelines

🕉️ RESPECTFUL BEHAVIOR:

RELIGIOUS RESPECT:
✅ Learn basic Hindu customs before visiting
✅ Understand significance of Shiva worship
✅ Respect fasting and prayer practices
✅ Don't interrupt religious ceremonies
✅ Ask permission before photographing people

INTERACTION GUIDELINES:
✅ Use traditional greetings (Namaste, Har Har Mahadev)
✅ Show interest in learning about traditions
✅ Be patient with language barriers
✅ Offer help to elderly or struggling devotees
✅ Exchange contact information respectfully

CULTURAL LEARNING:
✅ Read about Shiva mythology beforehand
✅ Understand the significance of different rituals
✅ Learn meaning of common Sanskrit phrases
✅ Appreciate the philosophical depth of traditions
✅ Share your own cultural background when appropriate

💡 Insider Tips & Local Secrets

Local Knowledge

🤫 INSIDER SECRETS:

TIMING HACKS:
- Many locals visit temples 2-3 days before Shivaratri
- Early morning (3-5 AM) offers most peaceful temple experience
- Post-midnight (12-3 AM) has spiritual significance but fewer crowds
- Day after Shivaratri often has relaxed temple access

CROWD AVOIDANCE:
- Residential area processions are more authentic, less crowded
- Many small Shiva temples have beautiful celebrations
- Roof-top viewing available at many heritage hotels
- Local families often welcome respectful tourists

AUTHENTIC EXPERIENCES:
- Join community kitchens (often free meals)
- Participate in neighborhood processions
- Learn traditional songs from local devotees
- Experience the overnight vigil with dedicated practitioners

Cost-Saving Strategies

💰 BUDGET OPTIMIZATION:

ACCOMMODATION:
- Book in Sarnath (cheaper, peaceful, short commute)
- Consider homestays with local families
- Share accommodation costs with other travelers
- Book well in advance for better rates

TRANSPORTATION:
- Walk whenever possible (often faster anyway)
- Use hotel shuttle services
- Share taxi costs with other travelers
- Stay close to main attractions

FOOD & EXPERIENCES:
- Eat at temple community kitchens (often free)
- Buy offerings from local markets, not temple vendors
- Join free cultural programs at temples
- Participate in community celebrations rather than paid tours

🗓️ Complete Planning Timeline

3 Months Before (November 2025)

📋 EARLY PREPARATION:
□ Book accommodation (prices increase closer to date)
□ Research Shiva mythology and Shivaratri significance
□ Plan travel dates (consider arriving 2-3 days early)
□ Check visa requirements if international traveler
□ Start physical preparation (lots of walking involved)

1 Month Before (January 2026)

📋 DETAILED PLANNING:
□ Confirm all bookings and arrangements
□ Download offline maps and important contact numbers
□ Research specific temples and cultural programs
□ Plan daily itinerary with flexible timing
□ Prepare appropriate clothing for weather and customs

1 Week Before (February 8-14, 2026)

📋 FINAL PREPARATION:
□ Check weather forecast and pack accordingly
□ Confirm transportation arrangements
□ Charge all electronic devices and pack power banks
□ Review cultural etiquette and basic Hindi phrases
□ Inform family/friends of detailed itinerary

Day of Festival (February 15, 2026)

📋 FESTIVAL DAY CHECKLIST:
□ Early wake-up for temple visits (3-4 AM)
□ Light breakfast and water preparation
□ Dress appropriately for all-day activities
□ Carry minimal essentials only
□ Start with less crowded temples, work toward major ones
□ Document experiences but prioritize presence
□ Stay flexible - adjust plans based on crowd conditions

🎯 Making the Most of Your Spiritual Journey

Spiritual Preparation

🕉️ DEEPENING YOUR EXPERIENCE:

BEFORE ARRIVING:
📚 Read: Basic Shiva mythology and philosophy
🧘 Practice: Meditation or mindfulness techniques
🎵 Listen: Traditional Shiva bhajans and mantras
📖 Learn: Meaning of common Sanskrit terms
💭 Reflect: Personal intentions for spiritual journey

DURING THE FESTIVAL:
🙏 Participate: Join in prayers and rituals respectfully
👂 Listen: Traditional stories from elderly devotees
🤝 Connect: Make friends with local practitioners
📸 Document: Spiritual insights, not just visual moments
💝 Give: Charitable donations or volunteer service

AFTER THE EXPERIENCE:
📖 Study: Deeper exploration of Hindu philosophy
🧘 Continue: Regular spiritual practice
🤝 Maintain: Connections made with local people
📝 Share: Experiences with others respectfully
🗓️ Plan: Return visits for other spiritual festivals

Creating Lasting Memories

💫 MEANINGFUL DOCUMENTATION:

SPIRITUAL JOURNAL:
📝 Daily reflections on spiritual experiences
💭 Insights gained from interactions with devotees
🎵 Mantras or prayers learned
👥 Stories shared by locals
🌟 Personal transformation moments

CULTURAL COLLECTION:
📸 Photos with permission and cultural context
🎥 Short videos explaining traditions
🛒 Meaningful souvenirs from local artisans
📚 Books about local spiritual traditions
🎼 Recordings of traditional music (where appropriate)

RELATIONSHIP BUILDING:
📱 Contact information of meaningful connections
💌 Thank you notes to helpful locals
🎁 Gifts from your home culture to share
📅 Plans for future spiritual journeys
🌐 Online communities focused on spiritual travel

🔗 Related Resources & Final Preparation

Essential Reading

Professional Services

🎯 RECOMMENDED SERVICES:
📞 Spiritual Guide Services: Cultural context and safety
🏨 Heritage Hotel Packages: Authentic accommodation
🚗 Pre-Arranged Transportation: Avoid crowd chaos
📸 Professional Photography: Document your journey
🧘 Meditation Guidance: Deepen spiritual experience

Emergency Contacts

🚨 ESSENTIAL NUMBERS:
Police Emergency: 100
Medical Emergency: 108
Tourist Helpline: 1363
Varanasi Police: +91-542-2501991
Heritage Hospital: +91-542-2307471

🌟 The Transformative Power of Maha Shivaratri in Varanasi

Maha Shivaratri in Varanasi isn't just a festival - it's a spiritual phenomenon that transforms participants. When you witness millions of people united in devotion, when you hear the ancient chants echoing through 3,000-year-old streets, when you see the profound faith in devotees' eyes, you experience something that changes your understanding of human spiritual capacity.

The crowds, the chaos, the overwhelming sensory experience - these aren't obstacles to spiritual experience, they are the spiritual experience. In learning to navigate them with patience, compassion, and grace, you participate in the same spiritual discipline that has transformed seekers for millennia.

Whether you're a spiritual seeker, cultural enthusiast, or curious traveler, Maha Shivaratri in Varanasi offers a window into the profound depths of human devotion and the eternal quest for connection with the divine.

Come with an open heart, leave with expanded consciousness, and carry the blessing of Baba Vishwanath with you wherever your journey leads.

Har Har Mahadev! 🕉️


Book your authentic Maha Shivaratri 2026 experience through our verified spiritual tour partners. Get temple guidance, cultural context, and safe navigation through one of the world's most intense spiritual celebrations.

Spiritual Tip: Maha Shivaratri in Varanasi is not about seeing a festival - it's about becoming part of an ancient spiritual tradition. Approach it with reverence, patience, and openness, and you'll discover why millions of devotees consider this the most powerful spiritual experience of their lives.